Why do we believe chloroplast and mitochondria to be semi-autonomous organelle?

In the figure given below, the black line (upper) indicates action spectrum for photosynthesis and the lighter line (lower) indicates the absorption spectrum of chlorophyll a. Answer the following.

a. What does the action spectrum indicate? How can we plot an action spectrum?

b. How can we derive an absorption spectrum for any substance?

What can we conclude from the statement that the action and absorption spectrum of photosynthesis overlap? At which wavelength do they show peaks?

Which property of the pigment is responsible for its ability to initiate the process of photosynthesis? Why is the rate of photosynthesis higher in the red and blue regions of the spectrum of light?

Cyanobacteria and some other photosynthetic bacteria don’t have chloroplasts. How do they conduct photosynthesis?

Tomatoes, carrots and chillies are red in colour due to the presence of one pigment. Name the pigment. Is it a photosynthetic pigment?

Why do we believe chloroplast and mitochondria to be semi-autonomous organelle?

Where is NADP reductase enzyme located in the chloroplast? What is the role of this enzyme in proton gradient development?

Examine the figure

a. Is this structure present in animal cell or plant cell?

b. Can these be passed on to the progeny? How?

c. Name the metabolic processes taking place in the places marked (1) and (2).