The heights of mercury surfaces in the two arms of the manometer shown in figure (13-E1) are 2 cm and 8 cm. Atmospheric pressure = 101 × 10 N m^-2. Find (a) the pressure of the gas in the cylinder and (b) the pressure of mercury at the bottom of the U tube.

The weight of an empty balloon on a spring balance is W₁. The weight becomes W₂ when the balloon is filled with air. Let the weight of the air itself be ω. Neglect the thickness of the balloon when it is filled with air. Also neglect the difference in the densities of air inside and outside the balloon.

A solid float in a liquid in a partially dipped position.

(a) Pressure decreases as one ascends the atmosphere. If the density of air is ρ, what is the change in pressure dp over a differential height dh?

(b) Considering the pressure p to be proportional to the density, find the pressure p at a height h if the pressure on the surface of the earth is p₀.

(c) If p0 = 1.03×10⁵ N m^-2, ρ0 = 1.29 kg m^-3 and g = 9.8 m s^-2, at what height will the pressure drop to (1/10) the value at the surface of the earth?

(d) This model of the atmosphere works for relatively small distances. Identify the underlying assumption that limits the model.

An ideal fluid flows through a pipe of circular cross-section made of two sections with diameters 2.5 cm and 3.75 cm. The ratio of the velocities in the two pipes is

Streamline flow is more likely for liquids with

Pressure is a scalar quantity because

If water be used to construct a barometer, what would be the height of water column at standard atmospheric pressure (76 cm of mercury)?

Find the force exerted by the water on a 2 m² plane surface of a large stone placed at the bottom of a sea 500 m deep. Does the force depend on the orientation of the surface?

Suppose the glass of the previous problem is covered by a jar and the air inside the jar is completely pumped out. (a) What will be the answers to the problem? (b) Show that the answers do not change if a glass of different shape is used provided the height, the bottom area and the volume are unchanged.

Water level is maintained in a cylindrical vessel up to a fixed height H. The vessel is kept on a horizontal plane. At what height above the bottom should a hole be made in the vessel so that the water stream coming out of the hole strikes the horizontal plane at the greatest distance from the vessel (figure 13-E11)?