Taking examples under each category, discuss upstream and downstream processing.

Upstream processing is the method and techniques which are involved in the isolation of DNA. It is used for isolating useful gene products. It involves using restriction endonucleases and screening of cells for its transformation. An example of upstream processing is used in the production of Insulin using rDNA technology.

Downstream processing is the separation, purification, quality control and clinical trials of a product before commercially selling it. Various separation and purification techniques are used like ultrafiltration, chemical degradation, etc. Example of downstream processing is the production of Insulin using rDNA technology.