Describe the surgical methods of birth control (i) for men, and (ii) for women.

List four points of significance of reproductive health in a society. Name any two areas related to reproductive health which have improved over the past 50 years in our country.

In the surgical method of birth control available for males, the structures A in the reproductive system are cut and ligated (tied up) at both ends. This prevents the reproductive cells B from coming out from the organs C where they are made in the male body. Since B cannot come out from the male body, they cannot fuse with cell D in the body of a female and hence pregnancy is prevented.

(a) What are structures A ?

(b) What are cells B?

(c) Name the organs C.

(d) What is cell D ?

(e) What is the name of this surgical procedure for birth control available to males?

A, B and C are three common STDs. A and C are caused by bacteria whereas B is caused by a virus D. The virus D reduces the immunity of the infected person to such a low level that the person can die of even very mild diseases.

(a) What could A and C be?

(b) What is B?

(c) Name the virus D ?

(d) How can A, B and C be caused ?

(e) Out of A, B and C, which one does not have a definite cure as yet ?

The human males use a device X made of a very thin rubber sheet as a covering on the male organ to prevent pregnancy. This device traps the gametes Y in it. In order to prevent pregnancy, the human females use a device Z which is a circle of rubber with a metal spring around it. The device Z is put inside the vagina to cover the cervix. It stops Y from going into the uterus.

(a) What is device X ?

(b) What are Y?

(c) Name the device Z.

(d) What is the general name of these methods of birth control (or preventing pregnancy) ?

(e) The use of which contraceptive device, X or Z, can protect the persons from sexually transmitted diseases ?

A woman uses a device X made of a common metal for preventing pregnancy. This device works by preventing the implantation of fertilised egg cell (or embryo) in the female organ Y.

(a) What are the two names of device X?

(b) Name the organ Y.

(c) Can this method of contraception protect a woman from acquiring a STD?

In the surgical method of birth control available for human females, the structures P in the reproductive system are cut and ligated (tied up) properly at both ends. This prevents the reproductive cell Q released by an organ R from entering the structures P so that Q is not available to fuse with another reproductive cell S coming from the male reproductive system. In this way, pregnancy is prevented.

(a) What are structures P?

(b) What is cell' Q?

(c) Name the organ R.

(d) What is the reproductive cells?

(e) What is the name of this surgical method of birth control available to females ?

A woman uses pills A as a method of birth control (or preventing pregnancy). The pills A stop the ovaries from releasing ovum into oviducts. Another woman uses pills B as a method of birth control. The pills B kill the sperms and prevent pregnancy.

(a) What do the pills A contain?

(b) What is the common name of pills A ?

(c) What do the pills B contain ?

(d) What is the common name of pills B ?

(e) What is the general name of these methods of birth control?

Write two examples each of sexually transmitted diseases caused by

(i) virus,

(ii) bacteria Explain how the transmission of such diseases be prevented?

(a) List two sexually transmitted diseases in each of the following cases:

(i) Bacterial infections

(ii) Viral infections

(b) How may the spread of such diseases be prevented?